基于光学和扫描显微平台的微尺度实验力学检测技术和装置研究

本文基于光学和扫描显微平台,介绍了本研究组在微尺度实验力学检测技术和设备方面的最新研究成果。在检测技术方面涉及显微散斑干涉技术、微标记阵列检测技术、晶粒变形分析技术、光学探针动静态变形分析技术;在检测系统和装置方面介绍了新近开发的双视场薄膜检测系统、散斑微干涉系统、微标记检测平台、AFM和SEM单轴拉伸装置、三维微定位与加载系统、微力传感器及其标定装置、微动平台驱动装置等。探讨了微尺度实验力学检测中的问题和新的检测技术,给出了一些典型的应用和相关装置。     

高速飞行器壁板颤振的分析模型和分析方法

壁板颤振是壁板结构在高速气流中产生的一种自激振动,在超声速和高超声速飞行器上特别容易发生这种现象。壁板颤振引发的非线性振动将对高速飞行器结构的疲劳强度、飞行性能和飞行安全带来不利的影响。随着高速飞行器设计中各项研究工作的开展,壁板颤振问题受到了到越来越多的重视。本文阐述了目前国内外学者在高速飞行器壁板颤振分析领域的研究现状及壁板颤振研究中常用的六种分析模型,并根据壁板颤振分析中使用的结构理论和气动力理论,详述了这种分类的依据。文中还介绍了温度、气流偏角、壁板几何尺寸及边界条件对壁板颤振的影响规律和目前常用于分析壁板颤振问题的频域和时域方法,总结了各种分析方法的优缺点。最后归纳了目前在高速飞行器壁板颤振研究中得出的几个重要结论,提出了今后在高速飞行器壁板颤振研究中需要解决的若干问题。     

Optical Analysis and Qualitative Discrimination of Vortex-Flame Interaction in a Plane Premixed Shear Layer

To obtain practical schemes of vortex–flame interactions, a series of organized eddies formed in the plane premixed shear layer is investigated, instead of a single vortex ring or a single vortex tube. The plane premixed shear layer is first formed between two parallel uniform propane–air mixture streams. For getting clear qualitative pictures of vortex–flame interactions in the plane premixed shear layer, two extreme ignition points are assigned; one is assigned at the center of an organized eddy where the vortex motion plays an important role, the other at the midpoint between two adjacent organized eddies where the rolling-up motion prevails. A premixed flame is initiated by an electric discharge at one of the two assigned points and propagates either in the large scale organized eddy or along the interface between two uniform mixture streams. Propagation and deformation processes of the flame are observed using the simultaneously two-directional and high-speed Schlieren photography. The tangential velocity of organized eddy and the equivalence ratio of premixed shear flow are varied as two main parameters. The outline of propagating flame after the midpoint ignition is numerically analyzed by superposing the flame propagation having a constant burning velocity on the vortex flow field simulated with the discrete vortex method. The results obtained show that there exists another type of vortex–flame interaction in the plane shear layer in addition to the vortex bursting, and that it is caused by the rolling-up motion particular to the coherent structure in the plane shear layer and is simply named the vortex boosting. It is qualitatively concluded therefore that, in the ordinary turbulent premixed flames formed in the plane premixed shear layer, these two fundamental vortex-flame interactions get tangled with each other to augment the propagation velocity. An empirical expression which qualitatively takes into account of the effects of both vortex and chemical properties is finally proposed.     

两相流显微PIV/PTV系统的开发

开发了一个能同时测量两相流中两相速度和细颗粒尺寸分布的显微PIV/PTV系统,其硬件系统包括大功率连续激光器、显微镜、高速摄像机;软件系统由改进的球形颗粒图像识别算法、各种图像处理算法和各种先进的PIV/PTV算法组成。其中改进的圆弧识别算法能够进行更准确地进行曲线分割而能对充满噪音并相互重叠的颗粒图像给出较好的识别结果。应用该PIV系统,可以在微秒和微米数量级上捕获细颗粒/气泡图像,并能较准确地同时得到两相速度、颗粒尺寸和浓度分布。对焚香可吸入颗粒物进行了速度和尺寸的同时测量,得到了较满意的结果。     

高精度光纤陀螺的分辨率测量

系统介绍了在单轴转台上测量高精度光纤陀螺分辨率的方法。该方法以GJB2426—95对光纤陀螺分辨率的定义为依据，以地球自转水平分量的余弦分量为陀螺的输入量，提出了一种正交三点寻北法。分析了光纤陀螺输出信号的特征，提出用对称测量法消除陀螺零偏并减小零漂对测量的影响。最后用IEEE推荐的测量不确定度评定方法对测量结果的不确定度进行了严格的评定。     

UKF方法在陆地车辆组合导航中的应用

Unscented卡尔曼滤波(UKF)是一种新的非线性滤波算法,将其引入到GPS/DR系统的滤波中,并针对系统模型的特点对原UKF算法进行了简化,建立了新的滤波方法。仿真结果表明,同EKF相比,UKF的滤波精度和稳定性都显著提高了,还可避免计算烦琐的Jacobi矩阵,真正实现了低成本、高精度的导航定位要求。     

The estimate and measurement of longitudinal wave intensity

Quasi-longitudinal waves are one type of structural waves, which are important at high frequencies. This paper studies the estimate theory and measurement technique of quasi-longitudinal waves, analyzes the bias error due to the effect of bending waves. In a two-dimensional quasi-longitudinal wave field, the intensity vector is the sum of the effective intensity vector and the intensity variation vector. Its axial component is proportional to two imaginary parts of cross spectral densities and in the measurement, it is measured by a pair of two-transducer arrays. In a onedimensional quasi-longitudinal wave field, the intensity variation is zero, the intensity is proportional to only one imaginary part of a cross spectral density and it can be measured using a two-transducer array. If bending and quasi-longitudinal waves coexist and the contribution from bending waves cannot be eliminated or reduced to a certain extent, the measured quasi-longitudinal wave intensity will contain a large error. The results measured on the three-beam structure show that quasi-longitudinal wave intensity can be accurately measured using the intensity technique when bending waves are negligible in comparison with quasi-longitudinal waves. The project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China     

用LDV系统测量转盘萃取塔内流场

本文应用激光多普勒测速仪对二种转盘萃取塔模型进行切向速度、轴向速度和湍流度测量。实验结果表明，在ＲＤＣ是切向速度比较大，因而有较大的搅拌效果，它的内部流场比较均匀稳定，有利于传质，所以ＲＤＣ是广泛应用于化学工业中的一种液－液萃取设备。     

A new interferometric method for vibration measurement by electronic holography

Electronic holography is a well-established technique used in real-time, non-contact, whole-field displacement measurements. When using the real-time, time-averaged method for vibration measurments, the quantitative interpretation of dense fringe patterns is difficult because of speckle noise. Even when speckle-reducing procedures are used, such as multiple-frame averaging or rotation of the illumination beam, the remaining speckles and decreasing visibility of higher-order Bessel fringes are serious limitations. The primary objective of this paper is to present a new realtime, interferometric method for mechanical vibration measurements and the associated quantitative interpretation. The fringe pattern obtained by this method is quasi-binary and half as dense as in the time-averaged method. The method greatly improves the overall visibility (contrast, resolution) of vibration fringe patterns without any sacrifice in the real-time capabilities. Quantitative fringe interpretation is straightforward and based on binary fringe tracking. It allows quantitative measurements in situations where the time-averaged fringe processing fails.     

Effect of Lateral Linear Stiffness on Nonlinear Characteristics of Hunting Motion of a Railway Wheelset

Railway wheelset experiences the problem of hunting above a critical speed, which is a kind of self-excited oscillation. At the critical speed, it is known that the system undergoes a subcritical Hopf bifurcation. Therefore, for clarifying the nonlinear characteristics of hunting it is very important to detect, for example, the nonlinear forces in the wheelset due to the creep forces acting between the wheels and rails, and the nonlinear component of the resorting forces by the suspensions. However, it is impossible to determine each force quantitatively. In the present paper, it is first shown, by using the center manifold theory and the method of normal form, that the nonlinear characteristics of the bifurcation in a wheelset model with two degrees of freedom are governed by a single parameter, hence each nonlinear force need not be detected when examining the nonlinear characteristics. Also, a method of determining the governing parameter from experimentally observed radiuses of the unstable limit cycle is proposed. Next, we experimentally investigate the variation of the parameter due to the presence of linear spring suspensions in the lateral direction and discuss the variation of the nonlinear characteristics of the hunting motion, which depends on the lateral stiffness. As a result, the improvement of the stability of the wheelset against the disturbance by the linear spring suspensions is clarified.